Genetic Disorder Corner. Further examination shows that those who are resistant to sickle cell anemia essay disease carry at least one sickle cell trait. ut sometimes as a child gets older, changes occur. Review of Systems appropriate to clinical scenario OBJECTIVE DATA A. eview and Discussion 1 How will research in the Human Genome Project further medical research?
Introduction
For example, in the case of sickle beta thalassemia, the individual has inherited a gene for hemoglobin S. from one parent and a gene for beta-thalassemia from the other. Or, in the instance of SC disease, the individual has inherited a gene for hemoglobin S. from one parent and a gene for hemoglobin C. from the other. The sickle cell trait in heterozygous carriers confers the resistance to malaria phenotype characterized by a dominant gene Sickle cell anemia, Wikipedia. ecause people with sickle trait were more likely to survive malaria outbreaks in Africa than those with normal hemoglobin, it is believed that sickle hemoglobin evolved as a protection against malaria. Haplotypes of sickle cell disease are polymorphic restriction endonuclease sites in and around the mutant beta-globin gene Acording to Fieldsthe existence of haplotypes specific to certain regions of the world suggests that the mutant beta globin gene arose….
Bibliography Ashley-Koch, A. And Olney, R. Sickle hemoglobin Hb S allele and sickle cell disease. American Journal of Genetics 9 : Fields, E. Phenotypic variation in sickle cell disease: An analysis. Harvard University, sickle cell anemia essay. html Genetic disease profile: Sickle cell anemia. shtml How does sickle cell cause disease? These crises are a direct result of way in which the deformed red blood cells adhere to both each other and the insides of the blood vessel walls, blocking tissues from receiving oxygen. The disease is prevalent across some parts of Africa, the Middle East and India, which is due to the way in which the heterozygous form of the condition offers carriers a degree of protection against malaria, which is present in these areas.
As a result, there is also a significant incidence of the disease in African-Americans, as a direct result of their African heritage, which means that the condition is significantly important for practitioners across the U. To understand. eferences Chowning, J. Washington State University Website. Frenette, P. And Atweh, G. References Sickle cell anemia essay, J. Journal of Clinical Investigation, Ingram, sickle cell anemia essay, V. Genetics, Nagel, R. Encyclopedia of Life Sciences, John Wiley and Sons. Retrieved June 18,from:. Sickle Cell Anemia There are both sickle cell anemia essay and disadvantages of having sickle cell anemia. How much benefit a person gets from sickle cell anemia's advantages, however, largely depends on where that person is located and what his or her environment is.
The same concept applies to the disadvantages of this condition, sickle cell anemia essay, although to a lesser extent. The root of the advantages and disadvantages of this disease pertain to its specific form of anemia. Anemia is succinctly defined as an occurrence in a patient's blood characterized by a marked lack of healthy red blood cells. Some of these blood cells look like a sickle because they are abnormally shaped. Because this disease is based on one's blood, it substantially impacts processes and conditions that are related to blood -- sickle cell anemia essay has both boons and detriments. The principle boon associated with sickle cell anemia is the fact that it has a selective….
Sickle Cell Rough Draft Sickle cell anemia is a blood disease that causes badly formed red blood cells, sickle cell anemia essay. The disease is genetec. Mostly people from Africa or other coutries around the Mediterraean Sea get it. In the United States, African-Americans are most likely to have it Howard, Red blood cells are the blood cells that carry oxygen throughout the body. When a person has sickle-cell anemia the hemoglobon in the cell is shaped wrong. ecause of this the cells are not round but sickle-shaped, which is how the disease gets its name. Sometimes these cells stick together and interfere with blood flow. This is very painful but also causes medical problems. It can cause damage to organs and keep the body from receiving the oxygen it needs to function well.
It also leaves the person likely to get lung infections Howard, Although sickle-cell anemia is genetec, both parents…. Loupe, Diane E. If there is evidence of the sickle cell gene the tests will be repeated to confirm diagnosis NIH. It is also possible to sickle cell anemia essay the fetus for sickle cell anemia prior to birth through amniocentesis although this is not normally performed unless there is reason to believe the child will have sickle cell anemia due to the risk which this procedure presents to the fetus. Electrophoresis is performed on the blood to test for presence of the sickle cell gene as there are different patterns observed in those with sickle cell anemia than normal blood, as the hemoglobin present is Hb S.
rather than the Hb a or Hb A2 which is usually present in normal adult erythrocytes or Hb F. which is usually present in fetal hemoglobin. When the blood sample of a sickle cell sufferer is examined under the microscope, sickle cell anemia essay, the sickle shaped cells present an immediate diagnosis…, sickle cell anemia essay. References Sickle Cell Anemia. National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health. Sickle Cell Information: Clinician Summary. Sickle Cell Information Centre. The science behind the research was not incredibly sickle cell anemia essay, but again the article was sickle cell anemia essay written and very easy to follow the logic of.
Reflection: This is not an aspect of the disease I had thought of before; it is important to remember that there are very human bodies that contain these sickle-shaped cells. The fact that this "treatment" focuses on the symptoms of the disease rather than the cause is sickle cell anemia essay indicative of the difficulty in combating the disease. Comfort is really all that's possible. Beutler, sickle cell anemia essay, E. New York: Macmillan, sickle cell anemia essay, pp. Retrieved via Gale Cengage. Summary: This encyclopedia entry gives a detailed overview of the disease -- it's pathology, causation, prevalence, etc. It begins with a definition of how the disease is classified, both through morphological changes to the red blood cells and, in more recent years, genetic….
relationship among African-Americans, Malaria and Sickle cell anemia. Many people born in regions affected by malaria are resistant to the disease, sickle cell anemia essay. Malaria, rampant in parts of Africa, south of the Sahara has killed millions of people many of them little children. Further examination shows that those who are resistant to the disease carry at least one sickle cell trait. Blacks in America whose ancestors hail from Africa show a higher incidence of the disease. Are African-Americans who carry the abnormal gene proof of a genre of natural selection, allowing those with the trait to survive and those without the trait to perish?
I will explore the link between those with the sickle cell gene and their apparent immunity from malaria and the connection between African-Americans and their ancestors. What is Sickle Cell Anemia? Linus Pauling originally discovered sickle cell in Sickle cell anemia is a red blood cell disorder…. berkeley, edu Jared Diamond "Blood, Genes and Malaria. Healthcare has recently become a very polarizing and contentious issue within the United States. Healthcare expenditures as a percentage of GDP are currently percent. COVID has only exacerbated many of the prevailing trends surrounding healthcare and its subsequent treatment. For one, the government has passed the affordable care act which attempts to lower healthcare costs through a series of legislative efforts.
In addition, governments are attempting to redirect healthcare expenditures to focus primarily on outcomes as oppose to simply treatment. This quality over quantity approach is very apparent when revieing sickle cell anemia and its overall complications. Sickle Cell Anemia is actually a group of interrelated disorders that are often inherited at birth. Here, the disorder results from not having enough healthy red blood cells to…. References 1. Beutler, Ernest. Itano, Harvey A. and James V. Murayama, Makio and Robert Nalbandian. Sickle Cell Hemoglobin: Molecule to Man.
Boston: Little, Brown and Company, sickle cell anemia essay, This disease is a disorder of the blood brought by the inheritance of the gene that changes the shape of the sickle cell.
nursing essay writing
Red blood cells are the blood cells that carry oxygen throughout the body. When a person has sickle-cell anemia the hemoglobon in the cell is shaped wrong. ecause of this the cells are not round but sickle-shaped, which is how the disease gets its name. Sometimes these cells stick together and interfere with blood flow. This is very painful but also causes medical problems. It can cause damage to organs and keep the body from receiving the oxygen it needs to function well. It also leaves the person likely to get lung infections Howard, Although sickle-cell anemia is genetec, both parents….
Loupe, Diane E. If there is evidence of the sickle cell gene the tests will be repeated to confirm diagnosis NIH. It is also possible to test the fetus for sickle cell anemia prior to birth through amniocentesis although this is not normally performed unless there is reason to believe the child will have sickle cell anemia due to the risk which this procedure presents to the fetus. Electrophoresis is performed on the blood to test for presence of the sickle cell gene as there are different patterns observed in those with sickle cell anemia than normal blood, as the hemoglobin present is Hb S. rather than the Hb a or Hb A2 which is usually present in normal adult erythrocytes or Hb F. which is usually present in fetal hemoglobin.
When the blood sample of a sickle cell sufferer is examined under the microscope, the sickle shaped cells present an immediate diagnosis…. References Sickle Cell Anemia. National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health. Sickle Cell Information: Clinician Summary. Sickle Cell Information Centre. The science behind the research was not incredibly profound, but again the article was fluidly written and very easy to follow the logic of. Reflection: This is not an aspect of the disease I had thought of before; it is important to remember that there are very human bodies that contain these sickle-shaped cells.
The fact that this "treatment" focuses on the symptoms of the disease rather than the cause is also indicative of the difficulty in combating the disease. Comfort is really all that's possible. Beutler, E. New York: Macmillan, pp. Retrieved via Gale Cengage. Summary: This encyclopedia entry gives a detailed overview of the disease -- it's pathology, causation, prevalence, etc. It begins with a definition of how the disease is classified, both through morphological changes to the red blood cells and, in more recent years, genetic…. relationship among African-Americans, Malaria and Sickle cell anemia.
Many people born in regions affected by malaria are resistant to the disease. Malaria, rampant in parts of Africa, south of the Sahara has killed millions of people many of them little children. Further examination shows that those who are resistant to the disease carry at least one sickle cell trait. Blacks in America whose ancestors hail from Africa show a higher incidence of the disease. Are African-Americans who carry the abnormal gene proof of a genre of natural selection, allowing those with the trait to survive and those without the trait to perish? I will explore the link between those with the sickle cell gene and their apparent immunity from malaria and the connection between African-Americans and their ancestors.
What is Sickle Cell Anemia? Linus Pauling originally discovered sickle cell in Sickle cell anemia is a red blood cell disorder…. berkeley, edu Jared Diamond "Blood, Genes and Malaria. Healthcare has recently become a very polarizing and contentious issue within the United States. Healthcare expenditures as a percentage of GDP are currently percent. COVID has only exacerbated many of the prevailing trends surrounding healthcare and its subsequent treatment. For one, the government has passed the affordable care act which attempts to lower healthcare costs through a series of legislative efforts.
In addition, governments are attempting to redirect healthcare expenditures to focus primarily on outcomes as oppose to simply treatment. This quality over quantity approach is very apparent when revieing sickle cell anemia and its overall complications. Sickle Cell Anemia is actually a group of interrelated disorders that are often inherited at birth. Here, the disorder results from not having enough healthy red blood cells to…. References 1. Beutler, Ernest. Itano, Harvey A. and James V. Murayama, Makio and Robert Nalbandian. Sickle Cell Hemoglobin: Molecule to Man. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, This disease is a disorder of the blood brought by the inheritance of the gene that changes the shape of the sickle cell. The case provides significant insights regarding this blood disorder through examining the various issues relating to sickle cell anemia.
One of the most crucial aspects towards understanding sickle cell anemia is examination of its genetic information, causes, and gene mutation. Part 2 of the Case Report examines whether chromosomal analysis was indicated, causes of the disorder, its origin with respect to gene inheritance, and gene mutation. Chromosomal Analysis Even though the case provides significant insights regarding sickle cell anemia, chromosomal analysis was not indicated. According to Quest Diagnostics , chromosomal analysis is the microscopic evaluation of chromosomes in dividing cells. The analysis is usually carried….
References Calzone, K. Nurses Transforming Health Care Using Genetics and Genomics. Nursing Outlook, 58 1 , Genetics Home Reference. Sickle Cell Disease. Retrieved from U. The Role of Nutrition in Sickle Cell Disease. Nutrition and Metabolic Insights, 3, Lervolino, L. Prevalence of Sickle Cell Disease and Sickle Cell Trait in National Neonatal Screening Studies. Revista Brasileira de Hematologia e Hemoterapia, 33 1 , Mayo Clinic Staff. Sickle Cell Anemia. Chromosome Analysis. The Natural History of Sickle Cell Disease. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine, 3 Sickle cell anemia is among the highly prevalent diseases in the contemporary society. Sickle cell anemia is a disorder of the blood that is caused by the inheritance of the gene that alters the shape of the sickle cell.
Therefore, the gene interferes with the working of hemoglobin in the movement of oxygen. The prevalence of the sickle cell anemia varies regarding the geographical position and the ethnic identity. In the United States, the sickle cell anemia is most prevalent among African Americans. The disease also shows a relatively higher prevalence of the disease in the Hispanics followed by the Whites. However, the prevalence also varies from one place to another in the United States Lervolino et al. Sickle cell anemia is a cancerous disease making it difficult to treat. However, various trends are involved in the diagnosis of the disease.
The diagnosis of the disease involves a blood…. Yannaki, E. Hematopoietic stem cell mobilization strategies for gene therapy of beta thalassemia and sickle cell disease. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences Though the clinical trial these two researchers are involved in does not yet have results that are ready for publication, the review of the risks they provide regarding the use of stem cell mobilization with G-CSF in patients with sickle cell is highly useful information. So, too, is the practice of pre-treating patients with hydroxyurea before administering the stem cell treatment, which the authors describe in detail and which forms the basis of the related clinical trial.
Potential reduction of risks appears to be quite promising, though final results from the clinical trial and other supporting evidence will of course be required. Ye, L. Stem Cells ithout a doubt, one of the most controversial topics of popular discourse is stem cell research. Indeed, one would be hard pressed to peruse the newspaper or magazine stand without encountering some reference to the global stem cell debate -- but what, exactly, are stem cells, and why are they so controversial? Stem cells intended for use in human applications are harvested from humans, umbilical cords and embryos. The reason these cells are so valuable is because of their capability to produce or "become" other cell types -- for example, brain cells, heart cells, skin, etc.
In short, these are "master cells," holding the ability to divide in cultures, and to be manipulated allowing it to transform into any type of cell. Of course, this is extremely important due to the fact that scientists can use this capability to either create organs thereby helping to meet the tremendous…. Works Cited Hall, MiMi and Kiely, Kathy. July Retrieved from Web site on 15 March, Unfortunately, a tremendous amount of valuable research has been put on hold ever since the ban of federal funding for stem cell research. In the United States, the vast majority of medical research of all types that eventually lead to cures for disease are funded by the federal government.
The federal ban on stem cell research does not completely prohibit it, but the effect is nearly the same, just as it would be if the federal government withdrew funding for cancer or diabetes research. The main opposition to stem cell research comes from the Religious Right who believe that any form of research using fetal stem cells is wrong, because according to their religious views, every fertilized human egg should be considered as much a human being as any living person, even a microscopic zygote consisting of nothing more than four cells of human tissue. Certainly, the concept of religious….
Hydroxyurea Segal, J. Sampling Research studies based on variables. Conducted by experts in sickle cell disease management, clinical trial methodology, systematic review, epidemiological studies, and ethics and adherence research. Literature inclusion tailored toward research questions. Studies on children and adults evaluated separately. Evaluations of data was based on variable-based research questions. Results Hydroxyurea lowered the rate of hospitizations among children with sickle cell disease and raised HbF cell percentages. Insufficient evidence for efficacy and safety. Critique Even…. student, degree Health Adminstration. I worked a health care staffing supervisor 10 years. personal experience incorporated paper fact husband sickle cell anemia I cared 20 years.
I have always been drawn to helping people, both in my life and in my career pursuits. In planning the next phase of my life, I wanted to follow a path which would allow me to better the lives of others while also learning new things every day. I have come to realize that nursing is the profession that suits me best because of my interests, my experience, and my goals. A degree in nursing would be the second degree that I have pursued. My first degree was in Health Administration. I chose to study that field because I knew that I wanted to work in a health care setting, where my actions would be at least indirectly responsible for aiding in the well-being…. Alterations of Hematology and Cardiovascular Systems Sickle Cell Anemia Ms.
A is suffering from Sickle cell anemia. In this disease, the red blood cells appear in the shape of sickles or letter C. The normal red blood cells are disk-shaped. The disk-shape allows them to move smoothly in the blood vessels. Normal red blood cells have hemoglobin. The hemoglobin is responsible the red color. It helps in the transportation of oxygen. Sickle cells, on the other hand, have abnormally low hemoglobin, which results in the C-shape. This form is sticky and stiff and so cannot move easily through the blood vessels. A's condition was a case of Menorrhagia as well as dysmenorrhea. The sickle cells lump together and block the flow of blood through the blood vessels leading to the organs and the limbs.
Such blocked blood vessels may lead to pain, infections and even organ damage Health 24,…. Bibliography Health The seven types of anaemia. Retrieved from Health Sickle cell disease. History of Pediatric Hemolytic Monitoring Retrospect to the career of physician, Dr. James A. olff I and his early progress in treatment of Rh hemolytic disease as described in Pochedly , looks at the development of interest in hematology in European field hospitals during orld ar II. After the war period, the transformation of olff's research in this area was advanced by research conducted during a pediatric residency at the Boston Children's Hospital, between and During his tenure at Children's he was engaged with Dr. Louis Diamond in his seminal investigation on treatment of erythroblastosis fetalis by exchange transfusion.
Collaborative efforts with Drs. Diamond and Farber focused on preliminary clinical trials of aminopterin for the treatment of acute leukemia, of which olff was in observation. Instrumental to the development of the concept of treating erythroblastosis fetalis by exchange transfusion; collaborative in the area of pathophysiology of disease where…. Works Cited Al-Eisa, A. And Al-Hajeri, M. Hemolytic uremic syndrome in Kuwaiti Arab children. Pediatric Nephrology Blouin, P. et al. Syndrome d'Evans: etude retrospective de la societe d'hematologie et d'immunologie pediatrique 36 cas. Archives De Pediatrie: Organe Officiel De La Societe Francaise De Pediatrie Feldman, S.
And Tauber, A. Sickle Cell Anemia: Reexamining the First "Molecular Disease. Fatal autoimmune hemolytic anemia in a child due to warm-reactive immunoglobulin M. Human Genome Project Launched in as a collaborative initiative between the National Institutes of Health and the U. Department of Energy, the Human Genome Project completed its goal ahead of time despite the enormous challenges that were involved Greene, The goals of the Human Genome Project included developing comprehensive genetic and physical maps of the human genome in order to determine the complete nucleotide sequence of the three billion base pairs that make up the human DNA and to identify the estimated , genes that are contained within the human genome Greene, To determine the importance and implications of the HGP, this paper reviews the relevant literature, followed by a summary of the research and salient findings concerning this initiative in the conclusion.
eview and Discussion 1 How will research in the Human Genome Project further medical research? What disorders are most likely to benefit from the…. References Burnes, D. Mothers raising children with sickle cell disease at the intersection of race, gender, and illness stigma. Health and Social Work, 33 3 , Greene, L. Human Genome Project information. Environmental Health Perspectives, 1 , Human Genome Project. National Portfolio Online Reporting Tools. These, then, eventually die leaving the transfer of oxygen in your blood being absolutely limited and far below the point at which the flow of oxygen needs to be in a human body. The flow of blood and transfer of oxygen eventually slows down tremendously and can cause terrible pain as well as make the immune system to be vulnerable to a variety of different diseases.
There are many medical procedures that can allow the individual to find a relief Lozoff et al. In our case study, we will mainly highlight how the mother's approach was tentative and skeptical and how the four points that have been mentioned initially communication, social organization, spatial dynamics and locus of control are impacted through her approach. The first important thing to note about the attitude of the mother is that she does seem very forthcoming to find out as much as she…. References Black R. Bulletin of World Health Organization, Dr Izumi, S. Tokyo: Kodansha International. Lozoff B, De Andraca I, Castillo M, Smith JB, Walter T, Pino P. ace and Genetics On the surface, race seems like a legitimate way of categorizing human beings.
Physical characteristics are passed down from parent to child, thereby recreating racial markers. However, the concept of race is generally rooted in ignorance. ace is an ephemeral construction, and genetic science is proving this to be so. If race were real, then there would be ways of tracing different races back to a few ancestors: such as an ancestral Polynesian, ancestral African, and ancestral Jew. As it stands, though, all human beings trace ancestry to the same basic gene pool from humanoid ancestors in Africa. This one fact alone is sufficient to debunk the concept that race "exists," or is a form of biological determinism. There are other reasons to believe that race is not as real as was once thought. ace is not real, and the reasons are rooted in genetic science, anthropology,….
References Adelman, L. Race and gene studies: what differences make a difference? htm Entine, J. Jews Are a 'Race,' Genes Reveal. The Jewish Daily Forward. Edit Research Premarital Screening Evaluating Premarital Screening Knowledge in Saudi Students The purpose of this research was to investigate the impact of premarital screening PMS in Saudi Arabia. The use of PMS as a means to identify and approach both and infectious and hereditary disease was investigated in order to determine the impact of this practical approach. A cross-sectional study was conducted at Jazan University from January to June to perform this research.
A self-administered questionnaire was distributed to Jazan University Students, both males and females. The questionnaire consisted of 3 main parts. The first part was based on socio-demographic data, the second part dealt with the students' knowledge about the premarital screening program while the third part explored their attitudes towards the screening program. More than two thirds of…. Genetic screening is one of the most controversial topics in the scientific arena today. The advent of the Human Genome Project, which maps the complete human genetic code, has brought this issue to the forefront. This paper will discuss the basic science that underlies genetic screening, applications of genetic screening, and investigate some of the common misconceptions and ethical questions about its use.
Genetic screening itself is simply "the systematic search within a population for persons possessing particular genotypes, which are either associated with disease, predisposing to disease, or leading to disease in descendants" Miller. In simpler terms, genetic screening involves testing and determining whether "an individual's genetic material to predict present or future disability or disease either for oneself or one's offspring" McCarrick. Essentially, genetic screening is conducted for several basic reasons, including the care of the ill and the prevention of disease, providing reproductive information, determining the incidence….
Works Cited Alberts, Bruce. Molecular biology of the cell, 4th ed. New York: Garland Science. Genetic Science Learning Center. Genetic Disorder Corner. University of Utah. Genetic Testing and Genetic Screening. Scope Note National Reference Center for Bioethics Literature, Georgetown University, Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal KIEJ , Reprinted September , 17 p. Last updated February html Miller, Kelly. Genetic Screening. It is worth to note that although the research question for the article written by Day S. Similarly another question is what the characteristic or critical attributes of sickle cell are. The study employs a qualitative study approach Day, S.
The reason being that the information generated is on a particular case under study, Assessment Instrument for sickle cell anemia. It is a requirement that a research study have both independent and dependent variable. For the article, independent variables are all those critical attributes being studied and include mean hemoglobin, mean leukocyte count, incident of pain requiring emergency room visit and hospitalization and date of occurrence, incident of dactylitis and date of occurrence and incidence of acute chest syndrome and date of occurrence.
The dependent variable in this study was sickle cell anemia. Similarly, the article clearly indicates conceptual definition of independent variables and these variables include; dactylitis, acute chest syndrome, date of occurrence, pain events, leukocyte count and hemoglobin. Additionally, Day Sara manages to provide the readers with a conceptual definition of the dependent variable which is the succinct definition of sickle cell. Readers are made aware of the possible courses of action to be taken and similarly the approach used by the researcher to arrive at the problem of the study. It is worth noting that the conceptual definition has made it possible for the author to easily link the variables under study Day, All the conceptual definition of both independent and dependent variables has made the author to easily communicate to the varied audiences concerning the results obtained in the research.
It is also possible for other scholars to replicate what has been done in the article. Research ethics demand that authors should clearly indicate operational definition of both independent and dependent variable they are studying to avoid confusion in communication. The author has gone an extra mile by not only defining the variables in her study but also explaining them in details. This helps address the issue of confusion in communication as well as making it possible for other scholars to replicate the procedure. A close examination of the article clearly indicates that there are a number of relationships studied.
For instance, having an accurate assessment instrument to detect early high-risks signs of sickle cell anemia and reduction in the rates of mortality and morbidity is evident. Another relationship is high-risk of attributes and severe cases of sickle cell. The relationship makes the reader appreciate the importance of the study. Similarly, as pointed out by Beth, such knowledge make the relevant stakeholders especially nurses, parents and medics to take necessary steps in saving the lives of children suffering from the disorder. It also gives room to other scholars to carry out research on the same line of reasoning.
To counteract the anemia of sickle cell disease, the bone marrow makes increased number of reticulocytes, which are immature red blood cells. Extramedullary Hematopoiesis — which is red blood cell production outside the bone marrow- can also happen-most often in the liver- which can cause hepatomegaly. In sickle form, red blood cells tend to get stuck in the capillaries -called vaso-occlusion. Starting at infancy, they can clog up blood flow in the bones of the hands and the feet. Later, they get stuck in other bones, causing sickle pain crises. Red blood cells can also clog up the spleen, which can lead to an infract to the spleen, as well as an enormous backup of blood in the spleen, which is a life threating complication.
Given all these symptoms, its important to diagnose sickle cell as early as possible. So, its included in the newborn blood spot screen in some countries, and can also be identified with a blood smear looking for sickled cells, or by identifying HbS using protein electrophoresis. In addition, opioids are usually used to manage pain, and antibiotics are used to treat and underlying bacterial infections causing acute chest syndrome. Occasionally, blood transfusions are also used, but the risk of multiple transfusions include iron overload and developing immunologic intolerance to foreign blood.
Finally, children with sickle cell typically get prophylaxis with penicillin and an additional polysaccharide vaccine against streptococcus pneumoniae to help prevent sepsis and meningitis with encapsulated bacteria. Gene therapy? He has not needed a blood transfusion, which many sickle cell patients receive to reduce complications from the disease, since three months after his treatment. He is also off all medicines. To reiterate, the paper is a case study of just one patient. Bluebird Bio, the Massachusetts biotech company that sponsored the clinical trial, has treated at least six other trials underway in the US and France, but those results have not yet been fully reported.
The gene therapy has not worked quite as well in some of those other patients; researchers say they are adjusting the therapy accordingly. It is also possible that the boy may eventually experience some blood flow blockages again in the future. The results, though early, are encouraging. They represent the promise of new genetics technologies to address a disease that many people suffered from along the years. Remember: This is just a sample from a fellow student. Starting from 3 hours delivery. Sorry, copying is not allowed on our website. We will occasionally send you account related emails. This essay is not unique. Sorry, we could not paraphrase this essay. Our professional writers can rewrite it and get you a unique paper.
No comments:
Post a Comment