Architecture ART Europe Italian Renaissance Renaissance. Sensing only a limited attraction to the courtly motifs of the medieval secular literary tradition and disillusioned by the elaborate argumentation of Scholasticism, the sophisticated urban ruling classes searched for a new culture that would enable them to cope with the quandaries of human existence and empower them to deal with and even manipulate other italian renaissance essay. These leaders included Masaccio in painting, Brunelleschi in architecture, italian renaissance essay, and Donatello in sculpture. References All-Art. Michelangelo wanted his art to appear as realistic as possible. Italian Renaissance Leonardo Da Vinci Michelangelo.
Social Origins
Italian Renaissance brought humanity into a golden age italian renaissance essay artistic expression and the rejuvenation of humanism as a philosophy and a way of looking at the world. Italian Renaissance, 1 The re-discovery of many ancient Greek and Roman texts allowed architects, artists, historians, and scientists to build upon italian renaissance essay greatest achievements of man from italian renaissance essay ancient world. After centuries of feudalism and a strong Catholic Church, wealthy elites began to compete amongst themselves in various artistic forms, commissioning works of art from common artists intended for the personal glorification of themselves or their family, a sharp contrast to the feudal idea of serf and lord.
The Italian Renaissance consolidated science and technology in order to establish new understanding of the world, italian renaissance essay, and the way in which humanity thought. The Renaissance that began in the various principalities of Italy slowly spread north to France, Germany, England, italian renaissance essay, and elsewhere in Northern Europe,…. Works Cited "Italian Renaissance -- History. com Articles, italian renaissance essay, Video, Pictures and Facts. The two seem to be squaring off in generosity, each inviting the other to go before him to make obeisance. The postures and figures in the crowd range of arrogance to humility.
A figure on the left appears to be frowning haughtily at the scene before him as though he could not possibly give up his dignity to bow before such a poor family. The fact that the setting is shifted from Bethlehem to Italy, complete with realistic depiction of countryside, sky, history, and place shows how important it was for the artist to make this Scriptural story as much a part of the lives of the Florentines as could be possible. That is why Botticelli transports the setting of the Adoration from the Middle East to Italy -- to drive home both the idea that Jesus was born for all men and the idea that Florence is as great…. Works Cited Johnson, Paul. Art: A New History, italian renaissance essay. NY: HarperCollins, Kirsch, italian renaissance essay, Johann Peter, italian renaissance essay.
NY: Robert Appleton Company, McCarthy, Mary. The landscape diffuses in colors to give optical illusion of perspective and farness. The first figures, of the two children are softly modeled in lights and shades. The light is bright and clear and it seems to have italian renaissance essay specific direction. Although enaissance had great preoccupation with the study of light and the use italian renaissance essay it to give volume, there will pass a longer time before artists would really use the light in all its realistic power. enaissance light seems controlled and unnatural in some cases, used only to help the bodies gain threedimentionality and depth. aphael was also a gifted artist to create complicate compositions as the Coronation of the VirginOil on canvas transferred from panel x ….
html -Cocke, Richard,Raphael, Chaucer Press, London. html -Lucas. Italian Renaissance Art Mannerism Mannerism is a period of European art that arose from the later years of the Italian High Renaissance around It went on until around in Italy, when a more Italian renaissance essay style developed to take its place, but Northern Mannerism lasted into the first part of the 17th century, all through much of Europe. Stylistically, Mannerism includes an assortment of methods swayed by, and responding to, the congruous principles and controlled naturalism italian renaissance essay with artists such as Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, and Raphael. This essay will discuss Mannerism expression of an era, the characteristics that define this movement and the reason why it is an extension of the earlier conventions.
Mannerism: Reflection of the Era For years, many have thought that Mannerism was essentially considered to be a tendency developed by artist because it communicated the liberalism in their expression. However, more evidence leans toward…. Works Cited Friedlander, italian renaissance essay, Walter. Gardner, Helen Louise. Sypher, Wylie, italian renaissance essay. Sandro Botticelli's painting, "Mars and Venus" typifies the Greek and Roman themes of the Early Italian Renaissance. The work shows Venus, the goddess of love, overlooking a sleeping Mars, the god of love. A clear italian renaissance essay of the power of love over war, "Mars and Venus" is painted in muted tones and italian renaissance essay outlines, giving italian renaissance essay painting a dreamlike feeling.
General Description Born Alessandro di Mariano Filipepi in in Florence, Italy, Sandro Botticelli became one of the most noted artists of the Early Italian Renaissance. Botticelli was known for his commissions for major churches in Florence, italian renaissance essay, as well as his famed wall frescos on the Sistine Chapel of the Vatican in Rome. He painted a number of famed religious paintings, including "The Adoration of the Magi," "Madonna of the Pomegranate," "The Cestello Annunciation," as well as a number of paintings that depicted Roman and Greek legends, including "Primavera," "The…. Works Cited The National Gallery of London. Collection at a Glance. htm WebMuseum, Paris. Botticelli, Sandro. Chapel Hill, North Carolina, U.
This uncertainty "provided the material for new intellectual, cultural, and social experiments that would at their conclusion provide the italian renaissance essay of constructing a new European monocultural identity, one focused on humanistic studies, science, and the arts" Hooker. According the History Channel, the Renaissance was "above all an urban phenomenon" History that is conceptually linked with the past in that while "medieval scholars looked askance at the pagan Greek and Roman world, believing that they were living in the final age before the last judgment, their Renaissance counterparts adored the ancients, condemned the Middle Ages as ignorant and barbaric, and proclaimed their own age one of light italian renaissance essay the rebirth of the classical heritage" history.
In the midst of challenge and change, answers to life's questions were discovered. The Renaissance is the result of several aspects in a society manifesting themselves in a way that demonstrates mankind's ability to adapt and…. Works Cited Hooker, Richard, italian renaissance essay. Information Retrieved December 27, htm Hooker, Richard. htm Bennett, Josephine Waters. JSTOR Resource Database. org History Channel Online. Power and the Changing Social Role of the Artist The process of artistic creation is often taken for granted as the product of some singularly brilliant talent acting alone in his or her inspiration. However, this notion undermines the importance of art as reflecting certain social or cultural conditions pertinent to the time and place of its creation.
This is the premise at the center of the article by indwhich weighs the relationship between individual will power and artistic creation. ind's writing offers a compelling and nuanced consideration of the ways in which the artistic processes has changed with the shifting of socioeconomic structures and how, accordingly, the artist's psyche must also change. Article Summary: ind's article describes the considerable difference between producing art in the feudalist eras and today, examining various relationships between prominent artists and project commissioners over history. Largely, this describes a relationship between iconic….
Works Cited: Wind, E, italian renaissance essay. Art and the Will. Technology has now reached such dizzying heights that it attempts to give us here and now the Empyrean that Galileo's telescope neglected to find. How has it worked? Perhaps that should be the subject of another discussion. All the same, it is interesting to note that modern science is still attempting to explain the mysteries of the universe that in the medieval world were simply accepted on faith as part of the Faith revealed by God. Today, that God is dead as Nietzsche tells usand we are left creating new myths of Supermen, whom we adore in droves at the cinemas every year. What does it all mean? These are interesting points for speculation. If we look at the reaction to Galileo's article in the Starry Messenger inwe find both approval and condemnation.
The Carmelite Foscarini, for example, was in favor of pursuing Galileo's italian renaissance essay. The Holy…. Bibliography Albee, Edward. The Goat, italian renaissance essay. Dramatists Play Service, italian renaissance essay, Inc. Edward Albee's play connects only peripherally to the subject of science in italian renaissance essay Italian Renaissance. But what is at its core is strikingly similar to what seems to be at the core of the debate between modern science and old religion: definition. In the play, the main character tries to re-define love to include acts of bestiality. This does not go over well with his wife. Battle ensues. Through the consequent eruption, some revealing ideas are expressed pertaining to reason and a sort of primordial sense of right and wrong.
Aquinas, Thomas. Summa Theologica. Fathers of the English Dominican Province. Thomas Aquinas. Christian Classics Ethereal Library, This site gives Aquinas in full. Much time can be spent on the many details of the Summa, but for a cursory glance of his teachings, a smaller, portable volume would be helpful. For quick access to certain points, however, this web edition is perfect. Here Mars is asleep and unarmed, while Venus is awake and alert. The meaning of the picture is that love conquers war, or love conquers all. Some art connoisseurs have considered that the detailed wasps at upper right may have been a link to the popular Vespucci family of Florence and other connoisseurs have decided that the wasps are nothing more than a symbolism for Venus and the stings of love. It showed cupids playing with Alexander's spear and armor.
Botticelli's satyrs may refer to this. Mars is sleeping the 'little death' which comes after making love, and not even a trumpet in his ear will wake…. Works Cited Botticelli, Sandro. Emil Kren and Daniel Marx.
moral philosophy essay
Actually, the enaissance was a by-product of the…. References: "15th Century Italy: Italian Art. pdf "Italian Renaissance Spark Notes. rhtml Winter, L. Body, Identity, and Narrative in Titian's Paintings. Leonardo's Last Supper does something very different from the other Renaissance portrayals of this scene from the Gospel. Unlike Andrea del Castagno's or Domenico Ghirlandaio's Last Supper versions, Leonardo's is at once more earthly neither Christ nor the Apostles wear halos and chaotic than the others -- and yet at the same time it is substantially more divine and imposing in its stark simplicity.
This paper will trace the compositional, stylistic and symbolic development of the story of the Last Supper as it is told by Leonardo da Vinci in his masterpiece of the same name. The first thing to note about the composition of Leonardo's Last Supper is that there is a distinct separation between the space occupied by Christ and the Apostles and the viewer. They exist together, cramped, huddled, literally on top of one another on one side of a long table covered like an altar…. Renaissance was beginning to influence Italian painters in adapting their style in order for it to fit the needs of a more advanced world.
Fra Angelico is recognized as one of the great early Italian painters from the Renaissance. In his work of decorating the Dominican Monastery of San Marco, he mastered a painting style that was reported to have been partly inspired from Masaccio, with his paintings expressing motion and being filled with linear perspective meant to suggest depth of space. It had been a common thing for the wealthy and most important families of Florence to hire talented painters to paint for them. Sandro Botticelli had been just one of the many Renaissance painters to paint for the Medici family. Even if Botticelli had spent a large part of his time working for great families, he still found time to perform additional paintings such as the one in…. Works cited: 1. Sohm, Philip. Martin Luther was offended by the widespread corruptions of the papacy; specifically the proclivity of Popes to engage in governmental matter.
He also took instances with widespread practices of simony, the selling of indulgences, and issuing church positions based on money and influence. According to Luther, the individual source of religious authority was God as evinced within the Bible. He believed that the numerous manmade religious positions were actually obfuscating these initial points upon which Christianity was founded. Luther believed that salvation was gained by accepting Jesus Christ and his teachings. Since Jesus crucified and resurrected for the sake of humanity, all people had to do was simply believe in this Christ and live in according to his teachings.
Luther advocated religious freedom for individual Christians. He did so because he believed the Roman Catholic Church was corrupt, and that faith in Jesus and his sacrifice was the ultimate form…. Brown, Beverly Louise. Brown's "The Genius of ome" offers a comprehensive analysis of both the convergence and dichotomy of sacred and profane elements in enaissance Italian art. Caravaggio stands at the midpoint, the pivotal space, between sacred and profane. As Brown points out, many of Caravaggio's altarpieces were initially rejected on the grounds that they were not sacred enough, and the author claims that his work has been described by contemporaries as "mezzo tra il devote, et profano," or "halfway between sacred and profane," p.
Interestingly, seventeenth century sources reveal scant evidence as to why Caravaggio's work would have been viewed in this way, and why his altarpieces were sometimes summarily rejected. Later in the chapter, Brown focuses on ubens, who encapsulated the dichotomies between sacred and profane. This resources provides instrumental evidence related to the evolution of…. Reference Brown, Beverly Louise. Renaissance current can be dated, in Europe, as starting around Renaissance started in Italy and moved towards Hungary, Germany and England, on one hand, and to France, after the French invasions of the Italian Peninsula, on the other. A similar trend occurred in the fashion industry, but the exchanges were continuous and influences from Northern Europe to Italy were not unprecedented.
The general characteristics of the initial period of Renaissance in Europe include the close-body fitting of the clothing and a detailed attention to ornamentation. Both men and women in the upper and middle classes wore elaborate costumes, made of rich materials. The clothing, particular in the upper classes, as well as in the economically successful middle classes, aimed to showcase the individual's success and his or her position in society. As a consequence, in both Northern and Italian Renaissance, there is an attention to detail and to customizing…. Renaissance Art hen discussing with regard to the Old Testament figure of David and to how he was represented during the Renaissance, one would have to consider the current as a whole in order to gain a more complex understanding of why artists directed their attention toward the character.
Artists during the Renaissance were determined to restructure social values for the masses to be able to acknowledge the significance of classical values. David had been a symbol of the classical era and artists in the Renaissance wanted to create works that glorified both him and the idea of the natural man in general. It was probably David's legendary character that influenced artists to express particular interest in wanting to portray him. By looking at how each artist depicted him, one can understand the cultural elements that inspired these respective artists. All things considered, it would be safe to say that…. Works cited: Crispino, Enrico.
Culture and Values: A Survey of the Western Humanities, Volume 1. renaissance paintings- VIGIN AND CHILD Art has always been an important tool for understanding various eras and their influence. It has served as a reflection of the times during which it was created and for this reason, art is considered a very sensitive medium. It quickly absorbs the changes that witnesses in the surrounding culture and society. It is impossible for art to remain static and uninfluenced in the wake of societal upheaval. enaissance art therefore is a completely distinctive breed as it reflects the massive transformation in political and religious mood of the society.
It depicts the changes that enaissance era underwent. While some painters paid closer attention to political problems that occurred during 14 and 15th century AD, others focused mainly on religious changes. These changes are most prominent in the several enaissance paintings that depict Virgin and Child theme. Unlike the dogmatic nature of religious beliefs observed…. The compositional structure here is actually quite daring. Even though a viewer tends to "read" a painting left-to-right, as with a book, here the left side of the canvas seems to fade away into nothingness.
It is not just the empty seascape on the left as compared with the dark richness of the forest on the right. The left half of the painting contains the subject of the painting after all -- Europa and the Bull. It is Rembrandt's genius to have the drama of Europa and the Bull taking place in the lower left corner of a very large painting, almost as though the moment of drama is on its way out, and the viewer is lucky to have caught it. But it is also clever how Rembrandt essentially balances the canvas with two central subjects, equally illuminated from above -- we have Europa and the Bull on the…. enaissance and Baroque Periods The term enaissance describes, not only a movement in art, but also a corresponding social and cultural movement that moved through Europe at the conclusion of the Middle Ages.
The enaissance period lasted from the s to the s, and spread through most of Europe, though it is probably the most heavily associated with Italy. The term "renaissance" means revival or rebirth, and the enaissance did mark a period of significant cultural revival. In order to truly understand the enaissance, it is important to understand that the Middle Ages, the time period preceding the enaissance was a period of retraction largely due to political instability. However, as Europe emerged from the Middle Ages and became more stable, the surrounding social landscape became supportive of an explosion in the arts and learning.
The movement began in Italy in the s and spread into France, northern Europe, and…. Renaissance Art. The Last Supper. Retrieved October 31, from The Khan. With the decline of the Church, other religious movements emerged dominant among Renaissance thinkers and followers, which included the movement of Protestantism, and later on, Reformation. Under the Protestantism movement, reformed Catholic churches established their own assembly, disassociating from the Catholic Church to form their own religious organization.
Protestantism, in fact, preceded the Protestant Reformation, which culminated the Renaissance movement in the 16th century. The Reformation gave birth to a more democratic, independent society, wherein people or the citizens are given more voice in decision-making concerning civil society. Primarily, decentralization of social, economic and political power took place because of the Reformation. Scientific development became one of the most important areas that developed from the Renaissance. Apart from promoting humanism and intellectual thought, expressed through artworks,…. In terms of Renaissance philosophy, Galileo Galilei is an example of a humanist who strongly defended the gradual flourishing and subsistence to the scientific revolution happening in his society during the Renaissance period.
Galileo was a strong advocate for the usage of science in discovering truth and new knowledge, using the principles of mathematics and philosophy in strengthening the study of astronomy and physics in the society. Through Galileo, the nature of free scientific inquiry prevailed, challenging, though not condemning, philosophical and theological issues that cannot empirically answer truth and reality in life. Dante Alighieri's "Inferno," meanwhile, is a literary piece that represented his inquiry into the spiritual and humanistic foundations of human existence during his time. In a period wherein theological foundations and philosophies are being questioned, Dante's "Inferno" confronted the moral and spiritual issues being questioned by Dante and his society during this challenging period of Renaissance.
Indeed the Germans, the French, and the rest looked back to an antiquity in which their ancestors had been subjugated by the legions. Nothing is more remarkable therefore than the rapid and irrevocable penetration of Italian ideas and practices among the "barbarians," as the Italian writers referred to them, some of whom were currently invading the peninsula. Classical style of Italian cathedrals and churches, typical for Ancient Greek and oman pagan temples is usually not observed in buildings of enaissance epoch in Germany, Britain or France, where architecture was influenced by Gothic style, which got earlier spread in Europe. eformation and Counter eformation The spread of Protestantism over Europe, which is considered to be one of the most historically significant achievements of enaissance and….
References Hileman, Tony Living on the Creative Edge of Our Culture available at www. php Wiener, Philip P. html Kohl, Benjamin G. Even in Catholic France, the Protestant sentiment that God's grace alone can save His fallen, human creation was evident in the humanist king, Francis I's sister, Margaret, Queen of Navarre's novel when she wrote: "We must humble ourselves, for God does not bestow his graces on men because they are noble or rich; but, according as it pleases his goodness, which regards not the appearance of persons, he chooses whom he will.
Purgatory was a Catholic concept. But rather than trusting the vision of the divine on earth, Hamlet is suspicious about the ability of fallen human beings to enact justice. Rather than finding good in the face of women, Hamlet sees only evil. Art During Renaissance The Evolution of Art During the Renaissance The Renaissance period is defined as a cultural movement that spanned approximately from the 14th to the 17th century, beginning in Italy in the Late Middle Ages and later spreading to the rest of Europe rotton , p. This period in the history of art included the painting, decorative arts and sculpture of the period and for many was considered a reawakening or rebirth of historic and ancient traditions based on the classical antiquity and the inclusion of more recent developments by applications of contemporary scientific knowledge.
The Renaissance was seen as a bridge between the Middle Ages and the modern era. The period also marked a cognitive shift from religious perspectives to a more intellectual and social focus. Classical texts previously lost to European scholars became readily available and included science, drama, poetry, prose, philosophy, and new considerations…. Bibliography Acidini, Luchinat Cristina. New Haven: Yale UP in Association with the Detroit Institute of Arts, Adams, Laurie. Boulder, CO: Westview, Barter, James. Artists of the Renaissance.
San Diego, CA: Lucent, Bartlett, Kenneth. The Civilization of the Italian Renaissance. Toronto D. Lorenzo de Medici especially helped doubling the art collection of the family and provided a liberal and generous material support for the artists. Moreover, his great critical thinking ensured that the true artistic values of the time were promoted. He constructed schools for painting and sculpture and monitored the artists that attended them in his search for artistic value. Under his rule, some of the greatest painters produced their greatest work entirely for him: "Verrocchio did almost all his work for him; that sculptor's graceful tomb in San Lorenzo over Lorenzo's father and uncle, his bronze David, and his fountain of the Boy with a Dolphin, were all executed for Lorenzo.
Another dimension of the family's influence over art is the fact that the atmosphere at the court clearly left its mark on the…. Works Cited Jurdjevig, Mark. Mack, Charles R. Young, G. The Medici. New York: The Modern Library, High enaissance Movement and Its Most Celebrated Artists The enaissance is referred to as a period of time where there was a great cultural movement that began in Italy during the early 's. It spread into other countries such as England, France, Germany, the Netherlands, and Spain. This era continued into the late 's and ended during the 's. The enaissance times were a period of rebirth and during this time many artists studied the art of ancient Greece and ome. Their desire was to recapture the spirit of the Greek and oman cultures in their own artistic, literary, and philosophic works.
The cultures of ancient Greece and ome are often called classical antiquity. The enaissance thus represented a rebirth of these cultures and is therefore also known as the revival of antiquity or the revival of learning. The artists' works include many aspects of the medieval times and incorporated…. References Leonardo da Vinci. Gale Group, Reproduced in Biography Resource Center. Farmington Hills, Mich. On the basis of the evaluation, they were to be employed or not. However, their talent was rapidly acknowledged and they were commissioned to continue the work without any other testing. The individual scenes constitute a whole because they comprise typological references to one another.
They present Moses as prefiguring Christ. We must mention, however, that, only after Michelangelo's later work did the Chapel become famous. After the Medici's expulsion from Florence, otticelli felt the influence of a Dominican monk called Girolamo Savonarola. In Savonarola's point-of-view, everything that wasn't useful in the life of humans didn't deserve any attention. Therefore, he destroyed many works of art, in his "bonfire of vanities. As a review,…. In Hamlet's case, the dark Ages conquer the light and the last scene displays before Fortinbras' the Prince of Norway, whose father was killed by Hamlet's father eyes. Fortinbras seems to be the symbol for the rebirth of Denmark, in the light of a young king that lacks the putrid inheritance of an alienated royal family, like Hamlet's.
The Renaissance man, Prince Hamlet, seems aware of the inutility of trying to restore the reign of his royal family in Denmark, since its members are proved to be corrupt and not suitable any more to lead a country in the spirit a new born world. His acts could also be in the spirit of sacrifice, suitable for a Renaissance man, in the name of restoring the dignity of his subjects and the glory of his country. People like Galileo and Savonarola were ready to give up their most precious possession, life, for…. Bibliography 1. Shakespeare, Hamlet, the Literature Network, retrieved Jan. The function of the work of art would be to stand before the city, and to show the city as wisdom personified, and by implication show that the wisdom came from the works and power of the Medici.
It would make an analogy between the city-state of Florence and the ancient city-state of Athens. Because Athens was a genuine republic, it might even deflect some criticism from the Medicis, who were technically supposed to be residents of a republic, even though they ruled from behind the scenes. The setting of the sculpture, next to David, outside the city gates would act as a powerful warning of the city's power with the violence of the anvil and David's shotgun as well as strike a balance between Classical representations of learning and the still-important tenants of the Catholic faith that must be honored in a world still dominated by the clergy. Works Cited Essak, Shelly. htm Medici: Godfathers of the Renaissance.
html Pioch, Nicolas. html Renaissance Masterworks from the National Gallery of Art. Culturally, the development of northern European art was not unlike that of Italy, particularly when powerful princes created individual states based on wealth and leisure which encouraged the growth of the arts based on commerce and on the patronage of the rich merchants who controlled these states. This new and versatile artistic medium was exactly right for the formal intentions of the northern painters who wished to create sharp-focused, hard-edged and sparkling clarity of detail in the representation of objects and figures.
While the Italian artists were interested primarily in the structure behind the appearances, being perspective, composition, anatomy, the mechanics of bodily motion and proportion, the northern painters were intent on creating appearances themselves, being the bright, colored surfaces of objects and figures touched by natural light. For example, in Renaissance Italy, Leonardo da Vinci's The Virgin of the Rocks ca. Gardner's Art Through the Ages. New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, Inc. Renaissance Humanism y nature, Humanists believed that the ancient teachings of Greeks and Romans were a solid foundation for intellectual pursuits and social philosophy. During the Renaissance the average man found himself turning away from a life that was governed by medieval Christian restrictions, and welcoming classical literature and paganistic views that paved the way to a more secular life and view.
The return to favor of the pagan classics stimulated the philosophy of secularism, the appreciation of worldly pleasures, and above all intensified the assertion of personal independence and individual expression Expansion of trade, growth of prosperity and luxury, and widening social contacts generated interest in worldly pleasures, in spite of formal allegiance to ascetic Christian doctrine Kreis, Erasmus was…. Bibliography Erasmus, D. Kreis, S. Renaissance Humanism Lectures on Modern European Intellectual History" Online. Italy is a cultural hub of gender identity where issues of feminism and masculinism have been deeply entrenched for many years. For centuries Italy has been considered a more masculine country, though the majority of work documented related to masculinism actually is sparse.
Issues of feminism and masculinity has surfaced in the workplace, where naturally access to issues such as equal employment and technology have surfaced. Gender inequality issues in Italy have in fact created a basis for the continuance of a feminism-masculinism dichotomy. Masculinism has been defined as "the property by which humans of the male sex are defined as manly" Noumenal, Alternatively, Simone de Beauvoir described femininity as "neither a natural nor an innate entity, but rather a condition brought about by society.
References Angier, N. Barker, P. Beccalli, B. The Modern Women's Movement in Italy, in New Left Review. Volume a, Issue Boccia, M. People by Edoardo Nesi "the Story of My People" by Eduardo Nesi "the Story of My People" by Eduardo Nesi "THE STORY OF MY PEOPLE" BY EDOARDO NESI Learning One: Business Trade Learning Two: Financial Analysis Learning Three: Denouncement of Big Business Learning Four: Corrupt Politicians Lesson Five: Haughtiness of Economists How does the book apply to International Business? However, some time I September Nesi had to sell it for the reason that there was no way to keep it in tip top condition so that it could compete against its rivals. Apparently, it was just too much trouble.
In a world of international and free trade the house was not making any kind of profit and in…. enaissance refers to the rebirth and revival of art and architecture in the 15th and 16th centuries in Italy. The enaissance is fascinating to study and is still culturally significant even today because of the high level of artistic and architectural production that was able to be produced during this time. Thus, one of the fundamental reasons as to why this period was significant is directly connected to the fact that the works which were captured during this time continue to captivate the imagination of most people, and continue to impress and amaze.
The enaissance is important not just because of the high level and innovation of work that was created, but because it demonstrated a higher level of intellectualism and understanding about the human condition that was manifested through art. The enaissance is significant today, not merely because of the high level of art that was produced, but because…. References Art-movement. Early Renaissance Art Italy Retrieved from www. htm Getty. Saint Andrew. Retrieved from getty. Renaissance ss. Retrieved from Scholastic. Musically, the Renaissance Period introduced the use of polyphony and saw the rise of the cantus firmus mass as Europe's first major musical form; in addition, there was an emergence of national schools of composition, a birth of new secular forms, the beginning of truly instrumental music and a series of inter-related developments, such as the use of monody and the bass continuo.
With polyphony, all of the musical parts are considered to be of equal importance and when combined produce not only an independent horizontal movement but also a vertical, being a combination of chords. The composers of the "ars nova," such as Guillaume de Machaut, created music of…. Hamlet clearly melancholic view of the future of humanity, although he is capable of acknowledging goodness, as he does when he praises Horatio's character before the play-within-a-play, and he even praises Fortinbras' action in the name of the Norwegian's own father, although it goes against the interest of the Danish state. Finally, Hamlet admits that Laertes has a right to be angry on Polonius' account, as Hamlet's rash actions killed Laertes' father, even while Hamlet strove to avenge his own father.
Thus, rather than a desperate view of human morality, Hamlet's inaction seems to arise from a combination of paralyzing depression about the nature of acting in a meaningless world and internal self-doubt. He also has an over-active intellect that enables him to rationalize both the murderous instincts of people going against his own interests like Laertes, and as well as his own revulsion at murder, as when he foolishly…. Antonio Canova was an Italian sculptor from Venice who lived from to He primarily worked in marble and believed that he could use that medium to render an artistic view of human flesh. He is most famous as someone who rejected the excesses and filigree of the Baroque to return to classical style, making him one of the foremost artists of the neoclassical style.
For a number of years, Canova's work was considered to be the greatest example of European sculpture -- to the point that in , Canova was invited to Paris to carve marble portraits of the emperor Napoleon and family. Most art critics find that the combination of returning to mythology and discreet eroticism that flowed out of the enaissance and into the modern era, without all the unnecessary frills of the Baroque, to be his greatest contribution to art. Biography Canova was born in…. References All-Art. org, "Introduction to Neoclassicism.
Accessed December 27, Bindman, David. Warm Flesh, Cold Marble. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, The Age of Napoleon: The Story of Civilization. New York: Simon and Schuster, Friedel, E. A Cultural History of the Modern Age. Westport, CT: Bergin and Garvey, Troubadours actually represent an example of that change in the social set up that signifies individualistic approach. Troubadours represent the rejection of social locks on the ability of people to be romantically in love. Italian critic Mario Casella also attempted to note the significance of troubadours as a special development of Augustinian Philosophy of individualistic approach.
Silverstein, The troubadours dealt with varied important subjects like war, politics, personal satire and other subjects, yet the main theme of remained love and affection towards women. Most of the ladies for which the troubadours were sung, were married. Only some exceptional troubadours sang for maiden girls. Thus, the concept of love touched through troubadours was conventional type and it rejected marriage as the major objective of love. Some of the genre of troubadours was very satirical and naughty in essence such as Alba, which is the song that is sung by a…. Works Cited Chaytor, H. The Troubadours. University of Cambridge Press, Cambridge.
Marisa, Rosa Menocal. Close Encounters in Medieval Provence: Spain's Role in the Birth of Troubadour Poetry, Hispanic Review, vol. Silverstein, Theodore. Andreas, Plato, and the Arabs: Remarks on Some Recent Accounts of Courtly Love, Modern Philology, vol. In particular, the story appeals to a wide array of diverse individuals, each with its own views on religion, culture and values. Through the universal appeal of David, many different interpretations have arisen throughout time. These interpretations, although distinct, often convey a fundamental truth prevailing during the period of its creation. Aspects such as war, political policies, civil unrest, and culture values often matriculate into the interpretation of the David of Goliath.
Art is no different in this regard. Both the Baroque and enaissance periods gave rise to new and distinct forms of belief and expression. These concepts ultimately matriculated into many of the more commonly know masterpieces of today's time. Journal of Albrecht Durer, I, Albrecht Durer, will preserve what I feel today in indelible colors. I stand pompous, extravagantly dressed, back to where I have always belonged. I may seem ostentatious now, with the artistic splendor I am bestowed with, more refined. Yet it was at Venice where I found inner tranquility of being an artist. I shall paint now as my imaginations will sweep with the aura of nature around me and my skills shall gain more strength. I will rejoice today to celebrate the liberty of an artist that I had experienced in Italian culture with the hope to awaken same liberation amongst natives of my land.
I shall portray myself to depict the worth of a piece of art, the spectacle that a mere smear of color on canvas could create. I may seem imprudent to Nuremberg for here I stand now almost 26, still…. References Ashcroft, J. Art in German: Artistic Statements by Albrecht DUrer. Forum for Modern Language Studies, 48 4 , Bartrum, G. Albrecht Durer and his Legacy: the Graphic Work of a Renaissance Artist. Koerner, J. The Moment of Self-Portraiture in German Renaissance Art. United States of America: The University of Chicago Press. Wisse, J. October One of the major problems faced by Charlemagne in his efforts to extend the level of education was the fact that there were very few educated persons available to teach others. Years of neglect had left the educational field with few individuals possessing the background necessary to teach others.
hat little scholarship that still existed in Europe was concentrated in and around Rome and Charlemagne initiated an aggressive program to attract the leading Italian scholars to his court. By recruiting these scholars to his court, Charlemagne ensured that the full body of available knowledge would be made available to himself and his subjects. From this pool of scholars, Charlemagne built his program of learning and began slowly to establish his own body of Frankish scholars. From this group, the future European learning environment would be built Einhard and the future of the European educational system would be ensured. The curriculum…. Works Cited Barbero, Alessandro. Charlemagne: Father of the Continent.
Berkeley: University of California Press, Brown, A. Encyclopedia Brittanica Online. Butzer, P. Science in Western and Eastern Civilization in Carolingian Times. Barcelona: Birkhauser Verlag, Cantor, N. The Civilization of the Middle Ages: a completely revised and expanded edition of Medieval History, the life and death of a civilization. New York: Harper Collins, Cosimo De Medici e know all about the de Medici family - one of the most important dynastic families in Europe and in particular concerning the cultural and artistic life of Italy and so of the continent. And yet, as Dale Kent makes clear in her authoritative and fascinating account of the family and in particular of the life of Cosimo De'Medici, we actually know less about the family than we think.
Kent argues that common ideas - and common misconceptions -- about the De'Medicis reflect not only flawed knowledge about this family in particular but also more general flawed assumptions about their era and about prevailing attitudes of the time towards artistic patronage and indeed towards art. Kent's book is as much an ethnographic exploration of the culture and society of fifteenth-century Florence as it is about Cosimo de'Medici himself - although in her telling the man and the…. Works Cited Boland, Rosita.
D'Elia, Anthony. Edmonds, Richard. Jacobs, Fredrika. the Art Bulletin 84 3 , Art The shift from Byzantine or Medieval art to the early Renaissance is perfectly demonstrated by examining the change in depictions of the Virgin Mary and the baby Jesus, or Madonna and Child, over time. hat we see is a gradual tendency toward realistic depictions of human form, as a way of making religious art less remote and decorative, and more immediately related to actual human experience. e can begin with the thirteenth-century Byzantine icon of the Madonna and Child on a Curved Throne. The painting is, in some sense, a highly stylized representation of a familiar image. The figures of mother and child do not really seem to exist in real space: for example, the gold leaf that is used for the flat backdrop behind the Madonna and Child is also used in a decorative but not particularly realistic fashion to highlight the folds of the Madonna's garments.
Works Cited Soltes, Ori Z. YouTube, 28 February The conflict evolved and his works burnt in ome, following the Pope's orders gave him the opportunity to extend his efforts of reformation over the entire Northern Europe. His excommunication in led to the birth of a new church and the separation finally took place. Calvin, unlike Luther the monk, was a lawyer who came to Geneva to help in the reformation process. At first, his attempts failed, but after being forced to leave the city, he returned and his new philosophical views about the reformed church were accepted by Geneva that became the center of Protestantism in Europe.
Question 3: Was the religiously-framed warfare of the 16th and early 17th centuries avoidable, given the realities of that place and time? After the first period of the separation between the Catholic and the Protestant Churches that took place peacefully, there came a period of ruthless fights between the two. References Mantin, P. Heinemann Humanism. Retrieved: Oct 28, htm Discovery and Reformation. He is one of the few artists that were recognized for his work while he was still living. One of Michelangelo's most exquisite pieces is Pieta. In this sculpture, we can see how Michelangelo was moving away from the traditional form of sculpting. Creighton Gilbert notes that how Mary and Jesus are depicted in the statue is not typical of Michelangelo's day.
Mary is seated with the dead Jesus in her lap and this image "first emerged as an abbreviation of the scene of Christ mourned" Harold Keller maintains that the piece is filled with contrasts, horizontally and vertically. e also have the opposites of the clothed and the naked. The position of Jesus' body is different from most pietas of the day in that it is horizontal, producing a "step-like composition based on the sharp right able between the corpse and the upper body of the Madonna towering…. Works Cited Barzun, Jacques. From Dawn to Decadence. New York: Harper Collins Publications. Gilbert, Creighton.
History of Renaissance Art. New York: Prentice-Hall, Inc. Keller, Harold. The High Renaissance in Italy. NY: Harry N. Abrams, Inc. As Amun, he also wears a flat-topped crown, which was his signature. The figure is carrying and ankh in one hand and a scimitar in the other which is laid across his chest. The gold represents the sun in ancient Egyptian culture, and so it is the only fitting Hellenistic period The Hellenistic period began in BC, after the death of one of ancient Greece's great heroes, Alexander the Great. Alexander had conquered vast expanses of the ancient world, which opened up great cultural influences on the people of Greece National Museum of Athens During this era, the people speak a multitude of different languages, and there are cultural influences from around the ancient world parading through the streets, which might I add, have all been recently paved.
The city itself looks strikingly similar to more modern day cities. The culture is ripe with artistic expression and acceptance. References American Institute of Pyramidology. htm Inter-City Oz. art period's styles represent a theme art. Your comparison focus artists period styles. The pair choose drawn period styles. For essay, I compare a High Classical Greek artwork Early Italian Renaissance artwork. The Artemision ronze vs. Donatello's bronze David While most people are inclined to look at the Italia Renaissance as being innovative and as bringing new concepts to society, the artistic movement actually inspired from Ancient Greece.
y looking at the Early Renaissance period and at the Classical Greek artistic movement one is likely to observe a series of parallels, as the more recent artists did not hesitate to inspire themselves from individuals that they considered to be particularly refined in producing artwork. To a certain degree, one can consider the two movements to have had a similar effect in individuals living contemporary to them, considering that they both brought on artistic revolutions. The 12th and 13th centuries comprised an age of expansion and prosperity directed by the capitalistic noble classes, or grandi, who often resided in the cities and invested in business but whose cultural traditions were military and feudal, giving preference to the chivalric and courtly literature of France.
This changed in the late 13th century when the nonnoble classes, led by rich businessmen, seized control of many town governments and drove the grandi from power. However the 14th century experienced a series of disasters that, paradoxically, modified the structural foundations of Italian society so as to promote the flourishing of artistic and literary endeavors. While these events prevented the founding of new fortunes, they left the wealth of established rich families largely intact, creating a new social condition. Since the relatively high degree of social mobility that kept business enterprise open to new talent and preoccupied with acquiring new wealth had evaporated, the dominant business class was converted from a group of self-made men to a group of men who had inherited their wealth and who had been raised in luxury that they intended to preserve but they could largely take for granted.
Rich businessmen, who retained their active participation in politics to defend their material interests from radical movements spawned by working-class agitation, now devoted an equal amount of time to public affairs, especially the patronage of art and literature. This view of history was spearheaded largely by Petrarch — , who proceeded to synthesize it with his new anthropology, or doctrine of humanity, that humans were rational and sentient beings, intrinsically good by nature, with the power to think and choose for themselves. Before the 13th century, Italian was not the language of literature in Italy, as most works were composed in Latin, French, or Provençal.
However, in the late 13th and early 14th centuries before the rise of Renaissance humanism, a number of masterpieces in the vernacular catalyzed the transition of Italy from a cultural backwater to the leader of European culture. Petrarch became the second great figure of Italian vernacular literature through poems capturing the attention of both refined courtly society and the common people. The master of the Italian sonnet, Petrarch is best remembered for his highly personal and subjective love poetry, most notably the Canzoniere, a collection of sonnets addressed to his unrequited love, Laura. His work was heightened by motifs reflecting everyday life, including satire against corrupt clergymen, amusing treatment of human idiosyncrasies, and tales of marital infidelity.
Unfortunately the trend toward classical humanism in the first half of the 15th century temporarily stifled the germination of the vernacular tradition, which deterrence was removed by the major revival of the vernacular in the second half of that century. Lorenzo was a lyric poet of great ability who set the stylistic parameters for both secular and religious poetry in the vernacular. The Florentine Petrarchan tradition experienced great development under the Venetian cleric Pietro Bembo, a leader in the movement attempting to restore the purity of the Latin language embodied in Cicero, when he embraced its highly refined sentiment and technical mastery of intricate verse forms for his Italian poetry.
Popular literature of a less aristocratic flavor often applied French chivalric and courtly themes to Italian characters. Recasting the French heroic knight into the Italian Orlando, Italian courtiers such as Luigi Pulci —84 adapted this material for consciously humorous verse. Medieval French chivalric themes were discussed more seriously in the poem Orlando innamorato Orlando in Love by Matteo Boiardo —94 , a noble at the refined court of the dukes of Ferrara who invented a new style integrating humanistic classical topics with medieval chivalric interests.
The most brilliant example of Italian prose in the High Renaissance the early 16th century is the work of Niccolò Machiavelli — on politics and history. Although The Prince is notorious for its advocacy of political self-seeking through deceitful tactics, Machiavelli regarded a balanced republican government, typified by Rome, as the best and most durable form of government and trusted the public spirit and wisdom of the common citizens more than that of princes and aristocrats. In the artistic sphere, Giotto di Bondone — took the first steps toward the Renaissance, completely forsaking the flat and nonrepresentational appearance of the prevailing Byzantine art in favor of the illusion of three-dimensional form on the twodimensional painted surface. The Renaissance style in sculpture was created by Donatello — , who assimilated the basic principles of ancient sculpture, such as contrapposto with weight shifted to one leg and the unsupported nude, into a framework creating the appearance of movement and furnishing accurate anatomical structure of his figures.
Michelangelo Buonarroti — brought this style to maturity with sculptures independent of any surrounding architectural support, including the David and the marble figures he carved for the tomb of Pope Julius II at Rome and for the tombs of the Medici family at Florence. His spectacular frescoes on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel stand as perhaps the single greatest work of High Renaissance painting, and his redesigning of St. Two other Florentine-trained artists, Leonardo da Vinci — and Raphael Sanzio — , further defined the High Renaissance style.
He experimented greatly with new paints even at the expense of the traditional fresco style, seen most prominently in The Last Supper. Intensely interested in studying the human personality and portraying it on canvas, Leonardo attempted to capture the fragile, fleeting, and illusive qualities of human facial expressions in his Mona Lisa and Virgin and Child with St. His plans and sketches proved greatly significant for architecture, as they constitute the blueprints for buildings later erected by his friend Bramante — Furnishing inspiration in architecture as well as in literature, the ideals of classical antiquity experienced restoration in the work of Filippo Brunelleschi — and Leon Battista Alberti — Further he is renowned for his discovery of the mathematical rules of perspective and his innovations in shape, seen most clearly in the octagonally designed dome base for the cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore in Florence.
Alberti revitalized the ancient brick architecture of Roman times, as portrayed by his San Andrea church in Mantua, and established the Renaissance standard use of flat roofs, overhanging cornices, and prominent horizontal lines. Ironically 15th century music saw little advancement and primarily continued in the genres conceived by Francesco Landini —97 , who despite his blindness from childhood became a leading composer and music theorist. Italian Renaissance church music reached its zenith during the 16th century in the works of Giovanni da Palestrina —94 , choirmaster of St. Typified by the Agnus Dei from his Pope Marcellus Mass, Palestrina achieved a stunning sense of serenity in his works through balance, purity, and arrangement of texts that made the words clearly understandable during performance.
With the free exchange of scholars and students between European universities and political exploits, such as the French invasion of Italy in , which brought new contact between cultural elements, Italian concepts and discoveries were reaching into the rest of the Continent by the late 15th and early 16th centuries. The reorganized and powerful monarchies of the north quickly found that Renaissance thought suited their needs, as its endorsement of social class and military prowess enhanced their status, and its emphasis on public service, personal merit, and learning furnished an attractive substitute for the traditional manners of the uneducated and disorderly feudal classes.
Moreover, the invention of the printing press at Mainz by Johann Gutenberg in changed the course of history by making possible the rapid dissemination of ideas to a populace moved by the spirit of the age to become increasingly more literate. Disillusioned by corruption in the late medieval church, including simony buying and selling of church offices , sinecures receiving the salary from a benefice, or region to be served by a clergyperson, without overseeing it , pluralism holding more than one office , clerical concubinage, and the selling of indulgences, the bourgeoisie or rising upper-middle class of merchants found the Renaissance rejection of the recent past and the desire to return to the original sources of antiquity tremendously appealing.
This interest sparked a northern movement of biblical humanism, which exalted ethical and religious factors over the aesthetic and secular ideals typical of Italian humanism and was primarily interested in the Christian past, or Judeo-Christian heritage, rather than the classical Hellenic heritage of Western Europe. More interested in the human being as a spiritual than a rational creature, these biblical humanists applied the techniques and methods of humanism to the study of the Scriptures. This exegetical approach was spearheaded by John Colet — , a pious English cleric who, after visiting Renaissance Italy, soon afterward began in lectures at St. Borrowing his notion of biblical humanism from Colet, Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam — became the greatest of all the northern humanists and an internationally renowned scholar.
His most outstanding contribution both to scholarship and to the future course of church history was his publication of the Greek New Testament , in which he applied humanist rules of textual criticism to the extant Greek biblical manuscripts of his day, accompanied by a new Latin translation directly from the original language and by notes. As a result, scholars were now in a position to make accurate comparison between the New Testament church and the church of their day, with the assessment decidedly unfavorable to the latter. A necessary complement to the work of Erasmus, Johannes Reuchlin — expanded the humanistic brand of scholarship to the Jewish Bible; in this prince of German humanists traveled to the Jewish community in Bologna to study Hebrew language, literature, and theology under the Jewish rabbinic scholar Obadiah Sforno.
The humanist enterprise also spread to Spain through Jiménes de Cisneros — , a former resident of the papal curia in Rome.
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